Plantar Flexor Function in Adults with and without Prader–Willi Syndrome

PURPOSEPrader–Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a form of congenital obesity characterized by excessive body fat, hypotonia, muscle weakness, and physical/cognitive disability. However, the sources of muscle dysfunction and their contribution to mobility are unclear. The purposes of this study were to 1) compare plantar flexor function between adults with and without PWS; and 2) to examine the relationship between plantar flexor function and gait speed in adults with PWS. METHODSParticipants included 10 adults with PWS, 10 adults without PWS and with obesity, and 10 adults without PWS and without obesity (matched on age and sex). Plantar flexor function was assessed using isokinetic dynamometry (peak torque [PT], early/late rate of torque development [RTD]), Hoffman reflex (H/M ratio), ultrasound imaging (cross-sectional area [CSA], echo intensity, pennation angle, and fascicle length), and peak propulsive force and plantar flexor moment during gait. Outcomes were compared between groups using one-way MANOVA. Associations between plantar flexor outcomes and gait speed were assessed using Pearson correlation in the PWS group. RESULTSAdults with PWS had lower absolute and normalized early RTD, and lower H/M ratio than controls with and without obesity; lower absolute PT and late RTD than controls with obesity (all P < 0.05). Cross-sectional area, propulsive force, and plantarflexor moment were lower, and echo intensity was higher, in adults with PWS compared with controls without obesity (all P < 0.05). Greater absolute PT (r = 0.64), absolute early RTD (r = 0.62), absolute late RTD (r = 0.64), gastrocnemii CSA (r = 0.55), and propulsive force (r = 0.58) were associated with faster gait speed (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONSAdults with PWS have impaired plantar flexor function likely attributable to reduced neuromuscular function and altered muscle morphology, which are associated with slower gait speeds.