Steel slag and biochar amendments decreased CO2 emissions by altering soil chemical properties and bacterial community structure over two-year in a subtropical paddy field

Waste amendments, such as steel slag and biochar, have been reported as a strategy for improving soil fertility, crop productivity, and carbon (C) sequestration in agricultural lands. However, information regarding the subsequent effects of steel slag and biochar on C cycling and the underlying microbial mechanisms in paddy soils remains limited. Hence, this study aimed to examine the effect of these waste amendments (applied in 2015–2017) on total soil CO2 emissions, total and active soil organic C (SOC) contents, and microbial communities in the early and late seasons in a subtropical paddy field. The results showed that despite the exogenous C input from these waste amendments (steel slag, biochar and slag + biochar), they significantly (P