Effects of oscillating dietary crude protein concentrations on production, nutrient digestion, plasma metabolites, and body composition in lactating dairy cows

We hypothesized that dairy cows fed oscillating metabolizable protein (MP) and crude protein (CP) concentrations on a 24-h frequency for a diet formulated to be below MP requirements would use N more efficiently (i.e., increased milk protein yields and less manure N) without increasing mobilization of body protein stores than would cows fed the same deficient MP diet continuously, although both treatments would on average have equal MP concentrations. In a randomized block design, 30 Holstein cows (119 ± 21 d in milk; 667 ± 69 kg of body weight) were blocked according to milk yield within a parity (3 primiparous and 7 multiparous blocks) and fed 1 of 3 treatments: (1) diet with 16.2% CP (109% of MP requirements) fed continuously (109MP), (2) diet with 14.1% CP (95% of MP requirements) fed continuously (95MP), or (3) diets oscillating on a 24-h cycle from the 109MP diet and a diet with 11.9% CP (∼78% of MP requirements) such that average CP and MP concentration would be the same as 95MP (OSC). Dry matter intake was similar between 109MP and 95MP (22.9 vs. 23.2 kg/d) but tended to be lower for OSC (22.2 kg/d) compared with 95MP. Milk yield was greater for 109MP compared with 95MP (36.6 vs. 35.1 kg/d) and similar between 95MP and OSC (35.3 kg/d). Milk protein and energy-corrected milk yields were similar among treatments. Milk urea N (MUN) concentration was higher for 109MP compared with 95MP (12.8 vs. 10.2 mg/dL), and tended to be higher for OSC (10.9 mg/dL) compared with 95MP. Higher MUN concentration for OSC occurred despite lower N intake (474 vs. 512 g of N/d) and similar milk N outputs compared with 95MP (164 vs. 179 g/d). On days when cows on OSC were fed high versus low MP diets, yields of milk (34.8 vs. 36.3 kg/d) and milk protein (1.0 vs. 1.1 kg/d) and MUN concentration (9.3 vs. 12.5 mg/dL) followed the oscillation pattern but lagged the change in diet CP by 1 d, whereas dry matter intake, yields of milk fat, plasma energy metabolites, AA, and 3-methyl-His were similar between days. Nutrient digestibility was similar for major nutrients across treatments except for CP, which was greater for 109MP (65.2%) and OSC (65.3%) compared with 95MP (61.7%). Compared with 95MP, OSC did not increase milk N relative to N intake (averaged 0.35 g of milk N/g of N intake) or N balance; however, urinary N output was increased for OSC versus 95MP (0.32 vs. 0.24 g of urine N/g of N intake). Body composition estimated using urea dilution was similar across treatments,