Unraveling the toxic effects of iron oxide nanoparticles on nitrogen cycling through manure-soil-plant continuum

Soil contamination with metallic nanoparticles is increasing due to their increased use in industrial and domestic settings. These nanoparticles are potentially toxic to soil microbes and may affect their associated functions and thereby the nutrient cycling in agro-ecosystems. This study examined the effects of iron oxides nanoparticles (IONPs) on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics of poultry (PM) and farmyard manure (FYM) in the soil. The application of IONPs increased iron content in soil microbial biomass, which reflected its consumption by the microbes. As a result, colony-forming units of bacteria and fungi reduced considerably. Such observations lead to a decrease in CO2 emission from PM and FYM by 27 and 28%, respectively. The respective decrease fractions in the case of N mineralization were 24 and 35%. Consequently, soil mineral N content was reduced by 16% from PM and 12% from FYM as compared to their sole application without IONPs. Spinach dry matter yield and apparent N recovery were increased by the use of organic waste (FYM, PM). The use of IONPs significantly reduced the plant N recovery fraction by 26 and 24% (P