Variations and trends in global disease burden of age‐related macular degeneration: 1990‐2017

Purpose To evaluate the disease burden of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) and to evaluate the risk factors of disability‐adjusted life years (DALY) caused by AMD. Methods Country‐specific DALY number, rate and age‐standardized rate of AMD were acquired from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 database. The Socio‐demographic Index (SDI), Human Development Index (HDI), Inequality‐adjusted Human Development Index (IA‐HDI) and other related data were obtained from published data or shared databases. Regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the correlations between the potential risk factors and the age‐standardized DALY rate of AMD. Results The DALY number doubled from 1990 to 2017, and DALY rate increased from 4.73 (95% CI: 3.19–6.54) to 6.95 (95% CI: 4.76–9.54). However, change was small after standardizing. Females tended to have severer burden. Disability‐adjusted life years (DALY) rates were correlated to annual PM2.5 concentration, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, population with at least some secondary education (secondary education), glaucoma prevalence and gross national income (GNI) per capita. In SDI model, glaucoma, GDP, healthcare access and quality index (HAQ) and secondary education were associated with disease burden (p