PAM-4 transmission up to 160 Gb/s with surface-normal electro-absorption modulators

We report multi-level modulation in polarization-independent surface-normal electro-absorption modulators (SNEAMs). Four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) at a line rate of 44 Gb/s is demonstrated on a fully packaged SNEAM with a 30 µm active area diameter and a 14 GHz electro-optic bandwidth. High-capacity PAM-4 transmission at 112 and 160 Gb/s is demonstrated on an unpackaged SNEAM chip, with a 15 µm active area diameter and ultrawide electro-optic bandwidth ( ≫ 65 G H z ). Fiber transmission is investigated for direct detection link lengths up to 23 km at 44 Gb/s and 2 km at 112 and 160 Gb/s, the highest multi-level modulation rates achieved on a SNEAM.