Engineering nanoparticulate vaccines for enhancing antigen cross-presentation

Efficient cross-presentation is pivotal for vaccination against cancer and infection by intracellular virus and bacteria. Recently, various types of nanoparticle vaccines have been developed and investigated for efficiently and specifically improving cross-presentation and CD8+ T cell priming. In this review, we will summarize the known intracellular pathways involved in cross-presentation, and focus on several nanoparticle strategies that have been reported for enhancing cross-presentation, including designing multifunctional nano-vaccines for increasing endosomal escape, designing nano-vaccines that can target lymph nodes to improve antigen uptake by lymph node resident CD8α+ dendritic cells, and co-delivering immune modulators for upregulating cross-presentation related intracellular components. We will also briefly discuss the future prospects of cross-presentation based nano-vaccine strategy for curing diseases.