“Doing What Is Right and Doing It Right”: A Mapping Review of Athletes' Perception of Anti-Doping Legitimacy

•Legitimacy is an important yet underestimated concept in anti-doping research.•Mapping review identified 39 empirical studies with athletes on anti-doping legitimacy.•Better conceptual clarity and a unified framework for legitimacy perception is needed.•Athletes agreed on the need for rigorous doping control to protect clean sport.•Athletes questioned the effectiveness and fairness of doping testing and sanctions.•Attention to implementation, transparency and better communication is warranted. The creation of the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999 and the first implementation of the Anti-Doping Code in 2004 established institutional and legal level legitimacy for the anti-doping movement. Subsequently, a distinct line of research examining athletes’ perceptions of anti-doping has emerged. This study aims to review the literature on legitimacy via athletes’ perceptions of the underpinning values, fairness and effectiveness of anti-doping rules and procedures. A systematic mapping review with computerised literature search of seven databases (EBSCOHost, PubMed, Ingenta, ScienceDirect, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscuss and Google Scholar) was used, followed by hand-search of reference lists and relevant journals. Based on Tyler's (2006) psychological components of legitimacy (proper, just, and appropriate), a bespoke conceptual map and analytical framework was developed and employed for retrospective categorisation. Thirty-nine studies representing 15,434 participants met the inclusion criteria. About half of the eligible studies discussed legitimacy components without identifying them as such. Identification of studies for legitimacy concepts faced considerable ambiguity in measures and interpretation, particularly in distinguishing between elements of being ‘just’ and ‘appropriate’. Single focus on one aspect was rare but only 11 of the 39 studies included all three elements of perceived legitimacy. Overall, athletes agreed that anti-doping is ‘doing the right thing’ to protect clean sport but their views differed on whether the existing anti-doping system is effective and implemented fairly (i.e., ‘doing anti-doping in a right way’). Owing to the ad hoc measurements and diverse methodology, quantitative meta-analysis was not feasible. Legitimacy is an important concept in anti-doping. Attention to globally equal and fair implementation of testing and sanctioning is warranted. Legitimacy perceptions can be improved by better communication from anti-doping organisations t