Use of phospholipase C zeta analysis to identify candidates for artificial oocyte activation: a case series of clinical pregnancies and a proposed algorithm for patient management

To investigate the applicability of phospholipase C zeta (PLCζ) analysis in assisting the clinical decision-making process when considering artificial oocyte activation (AOA) for infertile males in assisted reproductive technology. Fifty-six males (43 infertile/13 fertile) were screened using our PL...

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Veröffentlicht in:Fertility and sterility 2020-07, Vol.114 (1), p.163-174
Hauptverfasser: Meng, Xin, Melo, Pedro, Jones, Celine, Ross, Caroline, Mounce, Ginny, Turner, Karen, Child, Tim, Coward, Kevin
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container_issue 1
container_start_page 163
container_title Fertility and sterility
container_volume 114
creator Meng, Xin
Melo, Pedro
Jones, Celine
Ross, Caroline
Mounce, Ginny
Turner, Karen
Child, Tim
Coward, Kevin
description To investigate the applicability of phospholipase C zeta (PLCζ) analysis in assisting the clinical decision-making process when considering artificial oocyte activation (AOA) for infertile males in assisted reproductive technology. Fifty-six males (43 infertile/13 fertile) were screened using our PLCζ assay. Fertility unit/university laboratory. Infertile males with abnormal sperm morphology or total fertilization failure, low fertilization rate (
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.02.113
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Fifty-six males (43 infertile/13 fertile) were screened using our PLCζ assay. Fertility unit/university laboratory. Infertile males with abnormal sperm morphology or total fertilization failure, low fertilization rate (&lt;50%), or repeated fertilization failure in assisted reproductive technology. We analyzed PLCζ levels in sperm from fertile and infertile males. Eligible patients subsequently underwent intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)/artificial oocyte activation (AOA) with calcimycin (GM508). PLCζ localization and level and the proportion of sperm expressing PLCζ. Thresholds of PLCζ deficiency, fertilization rates, pregnancy rates, and live birth rates of AOA and non-AOA cycles. Compared with 13 fertile controls, 34 of the 43 infertile males had significantly lower levels of PLCζ and/or a significantly lower proportion of sperm exhibiting PLCζ. Of these 34 patients, 15 showed a significant PLCζ reduction in both parameters, which we termed “PLCζ deficiency.” Five PLCζ-deficient patients opted for AOA; all five achieved fertilization, and four achieved clinical pregnancies and live births. The fertilization rate improved significantly from 18.6% (ICSI) to 56.8% (ICSI/AOA). The clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate with AOA were both 40% per initiated cycle. Youden index analysis revealed that the cutoffs below which infertile males were likely to benefit from AOA were 71% for the proportion of sperm expressing PLCζ and 15.57 arbitrary units for mean PLCζ level. PLCζ analysis is a useful diagnostic tool to determine patient eligibility for subsequent AOA treatment. Uso del análisis de fosfolipasa C zeta para identificar candidatos para la activación artificial de ovocitos: una serie de casos de embarazos clínicos y un algoritmo propuesto para el manejo de pacientes Investigar la aplicabilidad del análisis de fosfolipasa C zeta (PLCz) para ayudar al proceso de toma de decisiones clínicas cuando se considera la activación artificial de ovocitos (AOA) para varones infértiles en técnicas de reproducción asistida. Se evaluaron cuarenta y seis homres (43 infértiles / 13 fértiles) utilizando nuestro ensayo PLCz. Unidad de fertilidad/ laboratorio universitario. Hombres infértiles con espermatozoides con morfología anormal o fallo total de fecundación, baja tasa de fecundación (&lt;50%) o fallo repetido de fecundación en técnicas de reproducción asistida. Analizamos los niveles de PLCz en espermatozoides de hombres fértiles e infértiles. Posteriormente, los pacientes elegidos se sometieron a inyección intracitoplasmática de espermatozoides (ICSI) / activación artificial de ovocitos (AOA) con calcimicina (GM508). localización y nivel de PLCz y la proporción de espermatozoides que expresan PLCz. Umbrales de deficiencia de PLCz, tasas de fecundación, tasas de embarazo y tasas de recién nacido vivo en ciclos con AOA y sin AOA. en comparación con 13 controles, 34 de los 43 hombres infértiles tenían niveles significativamente más bajos de PLCz y / o una proporción significativamente menor de espermatozoides que exhibía PLCz. De estos 34 pacientes, 15 mostraron una reducción significativa de PLCz en ambos parámetros, lo que denominamos "deficiencia de PLCz". Cinco pacientes con deficiencia de PLCz optaron por AOA; los cinco lograron la fecundación y cuatro embarazos clínicos logrados y recién nacidos vivos. La tasa de fecundación mejoró significativamente de 18.6% (ICSI) a 56.8% (ICSI / AOA). La tasa de embarazo clínico y la tasa de nacidos vivos con AOA fueron ambas del 40% por ciclo iniciado. El análisis del índice de Youden reveló que los valores de corte por debajo de los cuales los hombres infértiles probablemente se beneficiarían de AOA fueron 71% para la proporción de espermatozoides que expresan PLCz y 15.57 unidades arbitrarias para el nivel medio de PLCz. el análisis de PLCz es una herramienta de diagnóstico útil para determinar la elección del pacientes y posterior tratamiento de AOA.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0015-0282</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1556-5653</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.02.113</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32622408</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>Adult ; Algorithms ; Artificial oocyte activation ; Biomarkers - analysis ; calcium ionophore ; Case-Control Studies ; Clinical Decision-Making ; Decision Support Techniques ; Embryo Transfer ; Female ; Fertility ; Humans ; Infertility, Male - diagnosis ; Infertility, Male - enzymology ; Infertility, Male - physiopathology ; Infertility, Male - therapy ; Male ; oocyte activation deficiency ; Oocyte Retrieval ; Oocytes - physiology ; Ovulation Induction ; Phosphoinositide Phospholipase C - analysis ; phospholipase C zeta and PLCζ deficiency ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Rate ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic - adverse effects ; Spermatozoa - enzymology ; Treatment Outcome</subject><ispartof>Fertility and sterility, 2020-07, Vol.114 (1), p.163-174</ispartof><rights>2020 American Society for Reproductive Medicine</rights><rights>Copyright © 2020 American Society for Reproductive Medicine. 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All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c424t-93fdb11cb68f28e8c83b5756922fadd465f73b3b1216e88041921927531cbdfe3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c424t-93fdb11cb68f28e8c83b5756922fadd465f73b3b1216e88041921927531cbdfe3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-3219-8774 ; 0000-0001-6809-6107</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0015028220302430$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3536,27903,27904,65309</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32622408$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Meng, Xin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Melo, Pedro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jones, Celine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ross, Caroline</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mounce, Ginny</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Turner, Karen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Child, Tim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Coward, Kevin</creatorcontrib><title>Use of phospholipase C zeta analysis to identify candidates for artificial oocyte activation: a case series of clinical pregnancies and a proposed algorithm for patient management</title><title>Fertility and sterility</title><addtitle>Fertil Steril</addtitle><description>To investigate the applicability of phospholipase C zeta (PLCζ) analysis in assisting the clinical decision-making process when considering artificial oocyte activation (AOA) for infertile males in assisted reproductive technology. Fifty-six males (43 infertile/13 fertile) were screened using our PLCζ assay. Fertility unit/university laboratory. Infertile males with abnormal sperm morphology or total fertilization failure, low fertilization rate (&lt;50%), or repeated fertilization failure in assisted reproductive technology. We analyzed PLCζ levels in sperm from fertile and infertile males. Eligible patients subsequently underwent intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)/artificial oocyte activation (AOA) with calcimycin (GM508). PLCζ localization and level and the proportion of sperm expressing PLCζ. Thresholds of PLCζ deficiency, fertilization rates, pregnancy rates, and live birth rates of AOA and non-AOA cycles. Compared with 13 fertile controls, 34 of the 43 infertile males had significantly lower levels of PLCζ and/or a significantly lower proportion of sperm exhibiting PLCζ. Of these 34 patients, 15 showed a significant PLCζ reduction in both parameters, which we termed “PLCζ deficiency.” Five PLCζ-deficient patients opted for AOA; all five achieved fertilization, and four achieved clinical pregnancies and live births. The fertilization rate improved significantly from 18.6% (ICSI) to 56.8% (ICSI/AOA). The clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate with AOA were both 40% per initiated cycle. Youden index analysis revealed that the cutoffs below which infertile males were likely to benefit from AOA were 71% for the proportion of sperm expressing PLCζ and 15.57 arbitrary units for mean PLCζ level. PLCζ analysis is a useful diagnostic tool to determine patient eligibility for subsequent AOA treatment. Uso del análisis de fosfolipasa C zeta para identificar candidatos para la activación artificial de ovocitos: una serie de casos de embarazos clínicos y un algoritmo propuesto para el manejo de pacientes Investigar la aplicabilidad del análisis de fosfolipasa C zeta (PLCz) para ayudar al proceso de toma de decisiones clínicas cuando se considera la activación artificial de ovocitos (AOA) para varones infértiles en técnicas de reproducción asistida. Se evaluaron cuarenta y seis homres (43 infértiles / 13 fértiles) utilizando nuestro ensayo PLCz. Unidad de fertilidad/ laboratorio universitario. Hombres infértiles con espermatozoides con morfología anormal o fallo total de fecundación, baja tasa de fecundación (&lt;50%) o fallo repetido de fecundación en técnicas de reproducción asistida. Analizamos los niveles de PLCz en espermatozoides de hombres fértiles e infértiles. Posteriormente, los pacientes elegidos se sometieron a inyección intracitoplasmática de espermatozoides (ICSI) / activación artificial de ovocitos (AOA) con calcimicina (GM508). localización y nivel de PLCz y la proporción de espermatozoides que expresan PLCz. Umbrales de deficiencia de PLCz, tasas de fecundación, tasas de embarazo y tasas de recién nacido vivo en ciclos con AOA y sin AOA. en comparación con 13 controles, 34 de los 43 hombres infértiles tenían niveles significativamente más bajos de PLCz y / o una proporción significativamente menor de espermatozoides que exhibía PLCz. De estos 34 pacientes, 15 mostraron una reducción significativa de PLCz en ambos parámetros, lo que denominamos "deficiencia de PLCz". Cinco pacientes con deficiencia de PLCz optaron por AOA; los cinco lograron la fecundación y cuatro embarazos clínicos logrados y recién nacidos vivos. La tasa de fecundación mejoró significativamente de 18.6% (ICSI) a 56.8% (ICSI / AOA). La tasa de embarazo clínico y la tasa de nacidos vivos con AOA fueron ambas del 40% por ciclo iniciado. El análisis del índice de Youden reveló que los valores de corte por debajo de los cuales los hombres infértiles probablemente se beneficiarían de AOA fueron 71% para la proporción de espermatozoides que expresan PLCz y 15.57 unidades arbitrarias para el nivel medio de PLCz. el análisis de PLCz es una herramienta de diagnóstico útil para determinar la elección del pacientes y posterior tratamiento de AOA.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Algorithms</subject><subject>Artificial oocyte activation</subject><subject>Biomarkers - analysis</subject><subject>calcium ionophore</subject><subject>Case-Control Studies</subject><subject>Clinical Decision-Making</subject><subject>Decision Support Techniques</subject><subject>Embryo Transfer</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fertility</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infertility, Male - diagnosis</subject><subject>Infertility, Male - enzymology</subject><subject>Infertility, Male - physiopathology</subject><subject>Infertility, Male - therapy</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>oocyte activation deficiency</subject><subject>Oocyte Retrieval</subject><subject>Oocytes - physiology</subject><subject>Ovulation Induction</subject><subject>Phosphoinositide Phospholipase C - analysis</subject><subject>phospholipase C zeta and PLCζ deficiency</subject><subject>Pregnancy</subject><subject>Pregnancy Rate</subject><subject>Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic - adverse effects</subject><subject>Spermatozoa - enzymology</subject><subject>Treatment Outcome</subject><issn>0015-0282</issn><issn>1556-5653</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFUUuP0zAQthCILQt_AfnIpcGeJG7KDarlIa3EhT1bjj3uukrsYLsrlb_FH2RKFzgi-TEafY-xP8a4FI0UUr09NB5zjaXS2YAA0QhopGyfsJXse7XuVd8-ZSshZL8WMMAVe1HKQQih5Aaes6sWFEAnhhX7eVeQJ8-X-1RoT2Ex1NjxH1gNN9FMpxIKr4kHh7EGf-LWRBecqVi4T5mbTN1gg5l4SvZUkRtbw4OpIcV33BCc9ArmQHjysVOIwRJ4ybiPJtpznxQJueS0pIJUTvuUQ72ffxssJEXWfKZp9jhT-ZI982Yq-OrxvmZ3H2--7T6vb79--rJ7f7u2HXR1vW29G6W0oxo8DDjYoR37Ta-2AN4416neb9qxHSVIhcMgOrkFWpu-JY7z2F6zNxddmuz7EUvVcygWp8lETMeioQOh4Mwk6HCB2pxKyej1ksNs8klLoc-R6YP-F5k-R6YFaIqMqK8fXY7jjO4v8U9GBPhwASC99SFg1oV-LVp0IaOt2qXwf5dfQwuxgw</recordid><startdate>202007</startdate><enddate>202007</enddate><creator>Meng, Xin</creator><creator>Melo, Pedro</creator><creator>Jones, Celine</creator><creator>Ross, Caroline</creator><creator>Mounce, Ginny</creator><creator>Turner, Karen</creator><creator>Child, Tim</creator><creator>Coward, Kevin</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3219-8774</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6809-6107</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202007</creationdate><title>Use of phospholipase C zeta analysis to identify candidates for artificial oocyte activation: a case series of clinical pregnancies and a proposed algorithm for patient management</title><author>Meng, Xin ; Melo, Pedro ; Jones, Celine ; Ross, Caroline ; Mounce, Ginny ; Turner, Karen ; Child, Tim ; Coward, Kevin</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c424t-93fdb11cb68f28e8c83b5756922fadd465f73b3b1216e88041921927531cbdfe3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Algorithms</topic><topic>Artificial oocyte activation</topic><topic>Biomarkers - analysis</topic><topic>calcium ionophore</topic><topic>Case-Control Studies</topic><topic>Clinical Decision-Making</topic><topic>Decision Support Techniques</topic><topic>Embryo Transfer</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fertility</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infertility, Male - diagnosis</topic><topic>Infertility, Male - enzymology</topic><topic>Infertility, Male - physiopathology</topic><topic>Infertility, Male - therapy</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>oocyte activation deficiency</topic><topic>Oocyte Retrieval</topic><topic>Oocytes - physiology</topic><topic>Ovulation Induction</topic><topic>Phosphoinositide Phospholipase C - analysis</topic><topic>phospholipase C zeta and PLCζ deficiency</topic><topic>Pregnancy</topic><topic>Pregnancy Rate</topic><topic>Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic - adverse effects</topic><topic>Spermatozoa - enzymology</topic><topic>Treatment Outcome</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Meng, Xin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Melo, Pedro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jones, Celine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ross, Caroline</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mounce, Ginny</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Turner, Karen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Child, Tim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Coward, Kevin</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Fertility and sterility</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Meng, Xin</au><au>Melo, Pedro</au><au>Jones, Celine</au><au>Ross, Caroline</au><au>Mounce, Ginny</au><au>Turner, Karen</au><au>Child, Tim</au><au>Coward, Kevin</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Use of phospholipase C zeta analysis to identify candidates for artificial oocyte activation: a case series of clinical pregnancies and a proposed algorithm for patient management</atitle><jtitle>Fertility and sterility</jtitle><addtitle>Fertil Steril</addtitle><date>2020-07</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>114</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>163</spage><epage>174</epage><pages>163-174</pages><issn>0015-0282</issn><eissn>1556-5653</eissn><abstract>To investigate the applicability of phospholipase C zeta (PLCζ) analysis in assisting the clinical decision-making process when considering artificial oocyte activation (AOA) for infertile males in assisted reproductive technology. Fifty-six males (43 infertile/13 fertile) were screened using our PLCζ assay. Fertility unit/university laboratory. Infertile males with abnormal sperm morphology or total fertilization failure, low fertilization rate (&lt;50%), or repeated fertilization failure in assisted reproductive technology. We analyzed PLCζ levels in sperm from fertile and infertile males. Eligible patients subsequently underwent intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)/artificial oocyte activation (AOA) with calcimycin (GM508). PLCζ localization and level and the proportion of sperm expressing PLCζ. Thresholds of PLCζ deficiency, fertilization rates, pregnancy rates, and live birth rates of AOA and non-AOA cycles. Compared with 13 fertile controls, 34 of the 43 infertile males had significantly lower levels of PLCζ and/or a significantly lower proportion of sperm exhibiting PLCζ. Of these 34 patients, 15 showed a significant PLCζ reduction in both parameters, which we termed “PLCζ deficiency.” Five PLCζ-deficient patients opted for AOA; all five achieved fertilization, and four achieved clinical pregnancies and live births. The fertilization rate improved significantly from 18.6% (ICSI) to 56.8% (ICSI/AOA). The clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate with AOA were both 40% per initiated cycle. Youden index analysis revealed that the cutoffs below which infertile males were likely to benefit from AOA were 71% for the proportion of sperm expressing PLCζ and 15.57 arbitrary units for mean PLCζ level. PLCζ analysis is a useful diagnostic tool to determine patient eligibility for subsequent AOA treatment. Uso del análisis de fosfolipasa C zeta para identificar candidatos para la activación artificial de ovocitos: una serie de casos de embarazos clínicos y un algoritmo propuesto para el manejo de pacientes Investigar la aplicabilidad del análisis de fosfolipasa C zeta (PLCz) para ayudar al proceso de toma de decisiones clínicas cuando se considera la activación artificial de ovocitos (AOA) para varones infértiles en técnicas de reproducción asistida. Se evaluaron cuarenta y seis homres (43 infértiles / 13 fértiles) utilizando nuestro ensayo PLCz. Unidad de fertilidad/ laboratorio universitario. Hombres infértiles con espermatozoides con morfología anormal o fallo total de fecundación, baja tasa de fecundación (&lt;50%) o fallo repetido de fecundación en técnicas de reproducción asistida. Analizamos los niveles de PLCz en espermatozoides de hombres fértiles e infértiles. Posteriormente, los pacientes elegidos se sometieron a inyección intracitoplasmática de espermatozoides (ICSI) / activación artificial de ovocitos (AOA) con calcimicina (GM508). localización y nivel de PLCz y la proporción de espermatozoides que expresan PLCz. Umbrales de deficiencia de PLCz, tasas de fecundación, tasas de embarazo y tasas de recién nacido vivo en ciclos con AOA y sin AOA. en comparación con 13 controles, 34 de los 43 hombres infértiles tenían niveles significativamente más bajos de PLCz y / o una proporción significativamente menor de espermatozoides que exhibía PLCz. De estos 34 pacientes, 15 mostraron una reducción significativa de PLCz en ambos parámetros, lo que denominamos "deficiencia de PLCz". Cinco pacientes con deficiencia de PLCz optaron por AOA; los cinco lograron la fecundación y cuatro embarazos clínicos logrados y recién nacidos vivos. La tasa de fecundación mejoró significativamente de 18.6% (ICSI) a 56.8% (ICSI / AOA). La tasa de embarazo clínico y la tasa de nacidos vivos con AOA fueron ambas del 40% por ciclo iniciado. El análisis del índice de Youden reveló que los valores de corte por debajo de los cuales los hombres infértiles probablemente se beneficiarían de AOA fueron 71% para la proporción de espermatozoides que expresan PLCz y 15.57 unidades arbitrarias para el nivel medio de PLCz. el análisis de PLCz es una herramienta de diagnóstico útil para determinar la elección del pacientes y posterior tratamiento de AOA.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>32622408</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.02.113</doi><tpages>12</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3219-8774</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6809-6107</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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source MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection
subjects Adult
Algorithms
Artificial oocyte activation
Biomarkers - analysis
calcium ionophore
Case-Control Studies
Clinical Decision-Making
Decision Support Techniques
Embryo Transfer
Female
Fertility
Humans
Infertility, Male - diagnosis
Infertility, Male - enzymology
Infertility, Male - physiopathology
Infertility, Male - therapy
Male
oocyte activation deficiency
Oocyte Retrieval
Oocytes - physiology
Ovulation Induction
Phosphoinositide Phospholipase C - analysis
phospholipase C zeta and PLCζ deficiency
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Rate
Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic - adverse effects
Spermatozoa - enzymology
Treatment Outcome
title Use of phospholipase C zeta analysis to identify candidates for artificial oocyte activation: a case series of clinical pregnancies and a proposed algorithm for patient management
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