Systematic Review: Gastrointestinal Ultrasound Scoring Indices for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Abstract Background and Aims Serial measurements of luminal disease activity may facilitate inflammatory bowel disease management. Gastrointestinal ultrasound is an easily performed, non-invasive alternative to other assessment modes. However, its widespread use is limited by concerns regarding validity, reliability, and responsiveness. We systematically identified ultrasound scoring indices used to evaluate inflammatory bowel disease activity and examine their operating characteristics. Methods Electronic databases were searched from inception to June 14, 2019 using pre-defined terms. Studies that reported on gastrointestinal ultrasound index operating properties in an inflammatory bowel disease population were eligible for inclusion. Study characteristics, index components, and operating property data [ie, validity, reliability, responsiveness, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value] were extracted. The QUADAS-2 tool was used to examine study-level risk of bias. Results Of the 2610 studies identified, 26 studies reporting on 21 ultrasound indices were included. The most common index components included bowel wall thickness, colour Doppler imaging, and bowel wall stratification. The correlation between ultrasound indices and references standards ranged r = 0.62–0.95 and k = 0.40–0.96. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive values ranged 39–100%, 63–100%, 73–100%, 57–100%, and 40–100%, respectively. Reliability and responsiveness data were limited. Most [92%, 24/26] studies received at least one unclear or high risk of bias rating. Conclusions Several gastrointestinal ultrasound indices for use in inflammatory bowel disease have been developed. Future research should focus on fully validating existing or novel gastrointestinal ultrasound scoring instruments for assessment of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.