Magnetic organic porous polymer as a solid-phase extraction adsorbent for enrichment and quantitation of gastric cancer biomarkers (P-cresol and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid) in urine samples by UPLC

A novel magnetic organic porous polymer (denoted as Fe 3 O 4 @PC-POP) was developed for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of two gastric cancer biomarkers (P-cresol and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid) from urine samples prior to high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. The adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, FTIR, powder X-ray diffraction, and other techniques. The result of dynamic light scattering shows that the particle size of the adsorbent is mainly distributed around 400 nm. Based on the design concept of the Fe 3 O 4 @PC-POP, the proposed material can effectively capture the target analytes through electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction mechanism. Furthermore, the enrichment conditions were optimized by the response surface method, and the method was utilized for the determination of P-cresol and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in real urine samples from health and gastric cancer patients with high enrichment factors (34.8 times for P-cresol and 38.7 times for 4-hydroxybenzoic acid), low limit of detection (0.9–5.0 μg L −1 ), wide linear ranges (3.0–1000 μg L −1 ), satisfactory relative standard deviation (2.5%–8.5%), and apparent recoveries (85.3–112% for healthy people’s and 86.0–112% for gastric cancer patients’ urine samples). This study provides a guided principle for design of the versatile polymer with specific capturing of the target compounds from complex biological samples. Graphical abstract