Medical biotechnology as a paradigm for forest restoration and introduction of the transgenic American chestnut

For over 40 years, biotechnology and genetic engineering (GE) have been used in the development of medicines and biologic agents important in protecting and augmenting human health and have been met with broad public acceptance in the health care arena. GE has also been used to improve and develop plants important to agriculture and forestry, but in these areas, it has often encountered intense opposition that has prevented or delayed the introduction of potentially useful plants. Much of the opposition to GE's application in agriculture and forestry may be driven by concerns that GE plants will serve primarily to encourage the domination of the food and wood products industries by monopolistic corporations or will be disruptive to the environment. But to conflate genetic modifications intended to promote healthy ecosystems or preserve threatened species with GE projects aimed at benefiting corporate agriculture and forestry is misleading and illogical. Further, the pervasive human disruption and damage to forest ecosystems makes it prudent to bring the best that science can offer to the protection and restoration of critical woodland denizens and broader ecosystem health. The notion that minimal human intervention in the forest environment may be the best approach ignores humanity's responsibility to help manage and protect some of the very places that have been most damaged by human intrusion. GE intended to improve forest health should be afforded the same consideration, acceptance, and support as GE intended to improve human health. These efforts should include the use of GE technology such as carefully developed transgenic trees to cure ongoing forest pathogenesis, such as the chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), which threatens to drive the American chestnut (Castanea dentata) to extinction. La Biotecnología Médica como Paradigma para la Restauración de Bosques y la Introducción del Castaño Americano Transgénico Resumen Durante más de 40 años, la biotecnología y la ingeniería genética (IG) se han usado en el desarrollo de medicamentos y agentes biológicos importantes para la protección y el aumento de la salud humana, recibiendo una aceptación generalizada del público en el ámbito de la atención médica. La ingeniería genética también ha sido utilizada para mejorar y desarrollar plantas importantes para la agricultura y la silvicultura, pero ha sido en estas áreas en las que con frecuencia se ha enfrentado con una oposición intensa que ha preve