Occurrence and fate studies (sunlight exposure and stable carbon isotope analysis) of the halogenated natural product MHC-1 and its producer Plocamium cartilagineum
MHC-1 is a halogenated natural product (HNP) produced by the red seaweed Plocamium cartilagineum. MHC-1 concentrations of 550–2700 μg/g dry weight were found in Plocamium collected by divers at Heligoland (Germany). Compared to that MHC-1 concentrations were much lower in samples collected on beache...
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Veröffentlicht in: | The Science of the total environment 2020-09, Vol.736, p.139680-139680, Article 139680 |
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Zusammenfassung: | MHC-1 is a halogenated natural product (HNP) produced by the red seaweed Plocamium cartilagineum. MHC-1 concentrations of 550–2700 μg/g dry weight were found in Plocamium collected by divers at Heligoland (Germany). Compared to that MHC-1 concentrations were much lower in samples collected on beaches in Ireland and Portugal. Exposure of leaves of Plocamium to sunlight showed that MHC-1 was readily transformed by hydrodebromination. At Heligoland in March, MHC-1 (δ13C value −45.2‰) was lighter in carbon by ~15‰ compared to the bulk δ13C value (‰) of Plocamium (−30.7‰). Collected at the same time and location at Heligoland, samples of Halichondria and Mastocarpus sp. were richer in carbon (by ~10‰) as Plocamium. However, the δ13C value of MHC-1 in Halichondria (−44.6‰) and Mastocarpus sp. (−42.1‰) was as negative as in Plocamium. This was indirect proof that MHC-1 was produced by Plocamium and then released into the water phase from where it then was bioconcentrated by Halichondria and Mastocarpus sp. In agreement with that, concentrations of MHC-1 in Halichondria and Mastocarpus sp. were much lower than in Plocamium. In addition, a potential isomer of MHC-1 (compound X) was detected in all samples from Heligoland at ~2% of the MHC-1 level.
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•The halogenated natural product MHC-1 was quantified in red alga P. cartilagineum.•The MHC-1 top level of 2700 μg/g dry weight occurred in a sample from Heligoland.•Exposure of P. cartilagineum to sunlight degraded MHC-1 in favor of C10H14Cl3Br.•EA- & GC-based stable carbon isotope analysis was used to study the fate of MHC-1.•A potential isomer of MHC-1 occurred in an almost constant ratio with MHC-1 at Heligoland. |
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ISSN: | 0048-9697 1879-1026 |
DOI: | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139680 |