Mechanical Regulation of Endocytosis: New Insights and Recent Advances

Endocytosis is a mechanosensitive process. It involves remodeling of the plasma membrane from a flat shape to a budded morphology, often at the sub‐micrometer scale. This remodeling process is energy‐intensive and is influenced by mechanical factors such as membrane tension, membrane rigidity, and physical properties of cargo and extracellular surroundings. The cellular responses to a variety of mechanical factors by distinct endocytic pathways are important for cells to counteract rapid and extreme disruptions in the mechanohomeostasis of cells. Recent advances in microscopy and mechanical manipulation at the cellular scale have led to new discoveries of mechanoregulation of endocytosis by the aforementioned factors. While factors such as membrane tension and membrane rigidity are generally shown to inhibit endocytosis, other mechanical stimuli have complex relationships with endocytic pathways. At this juncture, it is now possible to utilize experimental techniques to interrogate theoretical predictions on mechanoregulation of endocytosis in cells and even living organisms. Endocytosis involves extensive remodeling of the plasma membrane. Physical forces such as membrane tension, membrane rigidity, substrate stiffness, and physical properties of cargo play a role in this remodeling process. Recent advances in microscopy and mechanical manipulation at the cellular level have led to new insights into the mechanoregulation of endocytosis. These experimental techniques are being used to interrogate existing models to study the mechanoregulation of endocytosis.