Anterior urethral valves – A rare but challenging congenital pathology

Anterior urethral valves (AUV) and associated anterior urethral diverticula (AUD) are a rare cause of congenital lower urinary tract obstruction. They occur 25–30 times less frequently than posterior urethral valves (PUV) and historically tend to have a less aggressive presentation and outcome. However, due to the low incidence, little is known about management and long-term prognosis. We aim to evaluate the outcomes after AUV valve ablation and compare this group to a previously studied PUV cohort. In this IRB-approved study, we retrospectively identified all patients from 2002 to 2017 undergoing valve ablation using CPT code 52400. Charts were manually reviewed to identify AUV patients, their presenting symptoms, timing of diagnosis, pre and postnatal imaging findings, age at presentation and valve ablation, creatinine, recurrences, additional surgeries and follow-up. The AUV group was then compared to a previously studied PUV cohort of 104 patients from our institution. Nine AUV patients were identified. Only four (44%) patients were diagnosed prenatally. Three (33%) patients were diagnosed neonatally, one for weak stream/dribbling and two for febrile UTIs. The remaining two patients were diagnosed at ages 3 and 4 due to dysuria and penile swelling with micturition. Patients presenting later in life had no evidence of renal dysfunction or VUR. All patients underwent primary TUR-AUV (1 laser, 4 cold knife, 4 cautery), but 55% had residual valves and/or diverticula identified on routine postoperative imaging in two patients and due to development of clinic symptoms in three patients. All five patients with recurrences underwent repeat endoscopic evaluation, and thereafter two patients required urethral reconstruction. In contrast, only 15% (16/104) of PUV patients required re-TUR (p = 0.01). At an average follow-up time of 4.24 years (range 0.6–11.4 years), 44% of patients had no evidence of CKD, and two patients (22%) had progressed to CKD of at least stage IIIA, compared to 21.4% in the PUV cohort at a mean follow-up of 2.3 years. The overall incidence of AUV is low, making it difficult to characterize these patients definitively. However, despite a milder phenotype and later presentation in most AUV patients, they do require more aggressive surgical treatment for complete resolution of the AUV. Furthermore, the long-term renal outcomes appear more severe than previously reported. The poorer outcomes of AUV patients both with respect to recurrence and l