Outcome of twin–twin transfusion syndrome according to Quintero stage of disease: systematic review and meta‐analysis

ABSTRACT Objectives To report the outcome of pregnancies complicated by twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) according to Quintero stage. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL databases were searched for studies reporting the outcome of pregnancies complicated by TTTS stratified according to Quintero stage (I–V). The primary outcome was fetal survival rate according to Quintero stage. Secondary outcomes were gestational age at birth, preterm birth (PTB) before 34, 32 and 28 weeks' gestation and neonatal morbidity. Outcomes are reported according to the different management options (expectant management, laser therapy or amnioreduction) for pregnancies with Stage‐I TTTS. Only cases treated with laser therapy were considered for those with Stages‐II–IV TTTS and only cases managed expectantly were considered for those with Stage‐V TTTS. Random‐effects head‐to‐head meta‐analysis was used to analyze the extracted data. Results Twenty‐six studies (2699 twin pregnancies) were included. Overall, 610 (22.6%) pregnancies were diagnosed with Quintero stage‐I TTTS, 692 (25.6%) were Stage II, 1146 (42.5%) were Stage III, 247 (9.2%) were Stage IV and four (0.1%) were Stage V. Survival of at least one twin occurred in 86.9% (95% CI, 84.0–89.7%) (456/552) of pregnancies with Stage‐I, in 85% (95% CI, 79.1–90.1%) (514/590) of those with Stage‐II, in 81.5% (95% CI, 76.6–86.0%) (875/1040) of those with Stage‐III, in 82.8% (95% CI, 73.6–90.4%) (172/205) of those with Stage‐IV and in 54.6% (95% CI, 24.8–82.6%) (5/9) of those with Stage‐V TTTS. The rate of a pregnancy with no survivor was 11.8% (95% CI, 8.4–15.8%) (69/564) in those with Stage‐I, 15.0% (95% CI, 9.9–20.9%) (76/590) in those with Stage‐II, 18.6% (95% CI, 14.2–23.4%) (165/1040) in those with Stage‐III, 17.2% (95% CI, 9.6–26.4%) (33/205) in those with Stage‐IV and in 45.4% (95% CI, 17.4–75.2%) (4/9) in those with Stage‐V TTTS. Gestational age at birth was similar in pregnancies with Stages‐I–III TTTS, and gradually decreased in those with Stages‐IV and ‐V TTTS. Overall, the incidence of PTB and neonatal morbidity increased as the severity of TTTS increased, but data on these two outcomes were limited by the small sample size of the included studies. When stratifying the analysis of pregnancies with Stage‐I TTTS according to the type of intervention, the rate of fetal survival of at least one twin was 84.9% (95% CI, 70.4–95.1%) (94/112) in cases managed expectantly, 86.7% (95% CI, 82.6–90.4%) (249/285) in those undergoi