The safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with advanced cancers and pre-existing chronic viral infections (Hepatitis B/C, HIV): A review of the available evidence

•Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment paradigm in many cancers.•Patients with chronic viral infections are generally excluded from oncology trials.•With current antiviral therapies, HBV/HCV/HIV infections can be successfully treated.•We review the evidence on the efficacy and safety of using ICPIs in this population.•Modernizing trial eligibility criteria to include these patients should be encouraged. The treatment paradigm of several cancers has dramatically changed in recent years with the introduction of immunotherapy. Most oncology trials involving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIPs) have routinely excluded patients with HIV infection and chronic viral hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) due to concerns about viral reactivation, fears of increased toxicity, and the potential lack of efficacy in these patient subgroups. However, with current antiviral therapies, HIV and HBV infections have become chronic diseases and HCV infections can even be cured. Broadening cancer trial eligibility criteria in order to include cancer patients with chronic viral infections can maximize the ecological validity of study results and the ability to understand the ICPIs’ benefit-risk profile in patients with these comorbidities. In this review, we examined the evidence on the efficacy and safety of using ICPIs in cancer patients with concurrent chronic viral infections.