Canagliflozin Increases Calorie Intake in Type 2 Diabetes Without Changing the Energy Ratio of the Three Macronutrients: CANA-K Study

Sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors improve glycemic control and reduce body weight by increasing glycosuria. Although a compensatory increase of food intake has been reported, the long-term effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on food intake remains unclear. This study investigated the influence of canagliflozin on calorie and nutrient intake over 1 year. Patients with type 2 diabetes ( = 107) were enrolled and followed prospectively while receiving canagliflozin at 100 mg/day for 12 months. Intake of nutrients was investigated by using the food frequency questionnaire. Hemoglobin A1c, body weight, and satisfaction with diabetes treatment (assessed by the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire: DTSQ) were also investigated. The baseline total energy intake was 1723 ± 525 kcal/day and it showed a persistent increase during treatment with canagliflozin, being 132 kcal higher at 6 months ( = 0.0058) and 113 kcal higher at 12 months ( = 0.0516). Intake of all three macronutrients (carbohydrate, protein, and fat) was significantly increased after 6 months of canagliflozin treatment ( = 0.0129, = 0.0160, and = 0.0314, respectively), but their ratio was unchanged. The DTSQ score improved significantly and both hemoglobin A1c and body weight showed a significant decrease throughout treatment (all