IRF‐1 promotes renal fibrosis by downregulation of Klotho

Although the key role of renal fibrosis in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is well known, the causes of renal fibrosis are not fully clarified. In this study, interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF‐1), a mammalian transcription factor, was highly expressed in fibrotic kidney of CKD patients. Concordantly, the expression level of IRF‐1 was significantly elevated in the kidney of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and Adriamycin nephropathy (ADR) mice. In tubular epithelial cells, overexpression of IRF‐1 could induce profibrotic markers expression, which accompanied by dramatic downregulation of Klotho, an important inhibitor of renal fibrosis. Luciferase reporter analysis and ChIP assay revealed that IRF‐1 repressed Klotho expression by downregulation of C/EBP‐β, which regulates Klotho gene transcription via directly binding to its promoter. Further investigation showed that tumor necrosis factor‐alpha may be an important inducement for the increase of IRF‐1 in tubular epithelial cells after UUO and genetic deletion of IRF‐1 attenuated renal fibrosis in UUO mice. Hence, these findings demonstrate that IRF‐1 contributes to the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis by downregulation of Klotho, and suppresses IRF‐1 may be a potential therapeutic target for CKD.