Glucose‐Modified Silicon Nanoparticles for Cellular Imaging

Luminescent silicon nanoparticles have recently attracted attention due to their remarkable stability, covalent functionalisation and tunable photoemission properties. Owing to their biocompatibility, low toxicity, and the small particle size that can be achieved by different synthetic approaches, these nanomaterials are candidates as cellular probes in the field of bioimaging, and potentially for in vivo applications. Tailoring the surface of the particles with active biomolecules such as sugar moieties can be an interesting strategy to increase the kinetics of internalisation or to vary the localisation of nanosystems in living cells. In this study, we synthesised and modified ultrasmall silicon nanoparticles with glucose covalently linked on their surface. Moreover, by varying the ratio between the amount of silicon nanoparticles and the saccharide groups, the amount of glucose, as a capping moiety, can be well controlled. FTIR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements and anisotropy decay analysis confirmed the covalent binding of glucose to the nanoparticles. The photophysical behaviour of the surface‐functionalised silicon quantum dots was not significantly different to that of the unmodified nanoparticles. In vitro studies demonstrated faster internalisation of the glucose‐functionalised nanoparticles into HeLa cells. Different localisation and uptake kinetics of the glucose‐modified particles compared to the unmodified particles are discussed in order to reveal the role played by the sugar molecules. A sweet approach: Glucose‐modified silicon nanoparticles, for which the number of sugar moieties per particle was determined, were investigated as in vitro imaging probes. A range of spectroscopic and photophysical methods was used to characterize glucose‐modified and unmodified nanoparticles. Studies in HeLa cells showed that surface glucose assisted internalization and influenced the intracellular localization of these nanoparticles.