Finite element analysis of two- and three-dimensional elasto-plastic frames—the natural approach

The paper presents a finite element analysis of large deformations in elasto-plastic frames. Attention is focused on the step by step analysis of the nonlinear behaviour of such structures. Advantage is taken of the so-called natural formulation in terms of the generalised cross-sectional forces. Limit state functions applying to different loading conditions and frame geometries are implemented into a computer program. A number of test examples illustrate practical applications.