Velocity storage: its multiple roles

Our research described in this article was motivated by the puzzling finding of the Skylab M131 experiments: head movements made while rotating that are nauseogenic and disorienting on Earth are innocuous in a weightless, 0- environment. We describe a series of parabolic flight experiments that directly addressed this puzzle and discovered the gravity-dependent responses to semicircular canal stimulation, consistent with the principles of velocity storage. We describe a line of research that started in a different direction, investigating dynamic balancing, but ended up pointing to the gravity dependence of angular velocity-to-position integration of semicircular canal signals. Together, these lines of research and the theoretical framework of velocity storage provide an answer to at least part of the M131 puzzle. We also describe recently discovered neural circuits by which active, dynamic vestibular, multisensory, and motor signals are interpreted as either appropriate for action and orientation or as conflicts evoking motion sickness and disorientation.