High risk of long‐term neurodevelopmental impairment in donor twins with spontaneous twin anemia–polycythemia sequence

ABSTRACT Objectives To evaluate the long‐term neurodevelopmental and behavioral outcomes in surviving infants of pregnancies with spontaneous twin anemia–polycythemia sequence (TAPS), to compare outcome between donors and recipients, and to investigate potential risk factors for neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI). Methods This was a retrospective study of a consecutive cohort of spontaneous‐TAPS survivors delivered between 2005 and 2017 at the Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands. Neurological, motor, cognitive and behavioral development were assessed at a median age of 4 years. The primary outcome was NDI, which was a composite outcome of cerebral palsy, deafness, blindness and motor and/or cognitive delay. NDI was subdivided into two grades of severity: mild‐to‐moderate and severe NDI. Outcome was compared between surviving donor and recipient twins. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess risk factors for NDI. Results Forty‐nine twin pregnancies complicated by spontaneous TAPS were eligible for inclusion. The perinatal survival rate was 83% (81/98) of twins. Neurodevelopmental assessment was performed in 91% (74/81) of surviving twins. NDI occurred in 30% (22/74) of TAPS survivors, and was found more often in donors (44%; 15/34) than in recipients (18%; 7/40) (odds ratio (OR), 4.1; 95% CI, 1.8–9.1; P = 0.001). Severe NDI was detected in 9% (7/74) of survivors and was higher in donors compared with recipients (18% (6/34) vs 3% (1/40)), although the difference did not reach statistical significance; P = 0.056). Donors demonstrated lower cognitive scores compared with recipients (P = 0.011). Bilateral deafness was identified in 15% (5/34) of donors compared with 0% (0/40) of recipients (P = 0.056). Parental concern regarding development was reported more often for donor than for recipient twins (P = 0.001). On multivariate analysis, independent risk factors for NDI were gestational age at delivery (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5–0.9; P = 0.003) and severe anemia (OR, 6.4; 95% CI, 2.4–17.0; P