Enzymatic reactions and pathway engineering for the production of renewable hydrocarbons

•Current knowledge of hydrocarbon biosynthetic pathways.•Mechanistic understanding of relevant enzymatic reactions in cyanobacteria, aerobic bacteria, insects, algae, and plants.•Recent advancements in metabolic engineering and process scale up for production of hydrocarbons from fatty acids. Hydrocarbons such as alkanes and alkenes are extensively used as organic compounds for combustion reactions and as building block components for the synthesis of numerous materials. Various synthetic enzymatic cascades and engineered metabolic pathways can be used to produce alkanes and alkenes from bio-based materials. An understanding of the native reactions and pathways used by various organisms to synthesize these compounds together with novel approaches in biocatalysis and synthetic biology have been instrumental in the development of methods to produce alkanes and alkenes with reasonable yield. This article discusses the present state of knowledge regarding hydrocarbon biosynthetic pathways and discusses current mechanistic understanding of relevant enzymatic reactions in cyanobacteria, aerobic bacteria, insects, algae, and plants. Recent advancements in metabolic engineering and process scale up for production of hydrocarbons from fatty acids are also discussed. This technology is important for sustainability, as it provides a clean and eco-friendly method for the future production of fuels and industrial materials. Further development towards whole cell biocatalysts that are able to provide good yield with a low production cost may allow countries without big oil reserves to be capable of producing precursors for the materials industries in the future.