Seed priming with calcium compounds abrogate fluoride-induced oxidative stress by upregulating defence pathways in an indica rice variety

The aim of this manuscript was to investigate the role of calcium compounds, viz., Ca(OH) 2 , Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , and CaCl 2 (each used at 0.3 mM and 0.5 mM concentration) as seed priming agents to ameliorate fluoride toxicity in rice. The stressed seedlings exhibited high fluoride bioaccumulation, severe growth retardation, and cellular damages. Calcium compounds improved plant performance by increasing seed germination, seedling biomass, and root and shoot length, avoiding chlorophyll degeneration and leakage of electrolytes, along with lowering the levels of malondialdehdye, H 2 O 2 , and endogenous fluoride. Calcium-regulated defence was mediated by proline synthesised due to increased Δ 1 -pyrroline 5-carboxylate synthetase ( P5CS ) and lowered proline dehydrogenase ( PDH ) expression, and glycine betaine synthesised due to betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 ( BADH1 ) expression. While the stress-mediated lowering of carotenoids and total phenolics was relieved by calcium priming, stress-enhanced flavonoids and ascorbic acid content was restored to the normal condition, along with releasing the fluoride-induced inhibition of ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO) activity. The activities of antioxidant enzymes like catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, and the expression of catalase and superoxide dismutase genes were also affected by calcium priming. The elevated endogenous calcium level, brought about by priming, enhanced the expression of genes related to calcium signalling pathway, particularly the calcineurin-B-like 10 ( CBL10 ) gene. Ca(OH) 2 (0.3 mM) appeared to be the most efficient of all the three priming agents. Overall, the present work highlighted the efficacy of calcium compounds as priming agents in abrogating fluoride toxicity in rice.