Increased diagnostic accuracy of giant cell arteritis using three-dimensional fat-saturated contrast-enhanced vessel-wall magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T

Objectives To compare the diagnostic accuracy of 3D versus 2D contrast-enhanced vessel-wall (CE-VW) MRI of extracranial and intracranial arteries in the diagnosis of GCA. Methods This prospective two-center study was approved by a national research ethics board and enrolled participants from December 2014 to October 2017. A protocol including both a 2D and a 3D CE-VW MRI at 3 T was performed in all patients. Two neuroradiologists, blinded to clinical data, individually analyzed separately and in random order 2D and 3D sequences in the axial plane only or with reformatting. The primary judgment criterion was the presence of GCA-related inflammatory changes of extracranial arteries. Secondary judgment criteria included inflammatory changes of intracranial arteries and the presence of artifacts. A McNemar’s test was used to compare 2D to 3D CE-VW MRIs. Results Seventy-nine participants were included in the study (42 men and 37 women, mean age 75 (± 9.5 years)). Fifty-one had a final diagnosis of GCA. Reformatted 3D CE-VW was significantly more sensitive than axial-only 3D CE-VW or 2D CE-VW when showing inflammatory change of extracranial arteries: 41/51(80%) versus 37/51 (73%) ( p = 0.046) and 35/50 (70%) ( p = 0.03). Reformatted 3D CE-VW was significantly more specific than 2D CE-VW: 27/27 (100%) versus 22/26 (85%) ( p = 0.04). 3D CE-VW showed higher sensitivity than 2D CE-VW when detecting inflammatory changes of intracranial arteries: 10/51(20%) versus 4/50(8%), p = 0.01. Interobserver agreement was excellent for both 2D and 3D CE-VW MRI: κ = 0.84 and 0.82 respectively. Conclusions 3D CE-VW MRI supported more accurate diagnoses of GCA than 2D CE-VW. Key Points • 3D contrast-enhanced vessel-wall magnetic resonance imaging is a high accuracy, non-invasive diagnostic tool used to diagnose giant cell arteritis. • 3D contrast-enhanced vessel-wall imaging is feasible for clinicians to complete within a relatively short time, allowing immediate assessment of extra and intracranial arteries. • 3D contrast-enhanced vessel-wall magnetic resonance imaging might be considered a diagnostic tool when intracranial manifestation of GCA is suspected.