Autistic traits modulate cortical responses to affective but not discriminative touch

The sense of touch is primarily considered a discriminative and exteroceptive sense, facilitating the detection, manipulation and exploration of objects, via an array of low‐threshold mechanoreceptors and fast conducting A‐beta (Aβ) afferents. However, a class of unmyelinated, low‐threshold mechanoreceptors identified in the hairy skin of mammals have been proposed to constitute a second, anatomically distinct system coding the affective qualities of touch. Unlike Aβs, which increase their firing rate linearly with the velocity of a stimulus moving across their receptive field, the response of these C‐tactile afferents (CTs) is described by an inverted ‘U’ curve fit, responding optimally to a skin temperature stimulus moving at between 1 and 10 cm/s. Given the distinct velocity tuning of these fast and slow touch fibres, here we used event‐related potentials to compare the time course of neural responses to 1st (fast) and 2nd (slow) touch systems. We identified a higher amplitude P300 in response to fast, Aβ‐targeted, versus slow CT‐targeted, stroking touch. In contrast, we identified a previously described, C‐fibre specific, ultra‐late potential (ULP) associated with CT‐targeted input. Of special note as regards the function of CTs is that the amplitude of the ULP was negatively correlated with self‐reported levels of autistic traits, which is consistent with the hypothesized affective and social significance of this response. Taken together, these findings provide further support for distinct discriminative and affective touch systems and suggests the temporal resolution of EEG provides an as yet underutilized tool for exploring individual differences in response sensitivity to CT‐targeted touch. We used EEG to investigate cortical responses to discriminative and affective touch. Discriminative touch is signalled via an array of myelinated low‐threshold mechanoreceptors. C‐tactile afferents (CTs) are a class of unmyelinated, low‐threshold mechanoreceptors thought to code the affective quality of touch. Here, the amplitude of a C‐fibre specific ultra‐late response to CT targeted skin stimulation was negatively correlated with self‐reported levels of autistic traits.