Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in living donor transplanted livers and donor‐related tuberculosis in recipients: A retrospective longitudinal cohort study

Objectives Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA has been detected in multiple organs in people without active tuberculosis or a history of tuberculosis. Molecular testing for metabolic activity has suggested that M tuberculosis DNA represents viable bacilli. Whether transplanted organs with M tuberculosis DNA can result in tuberculosis in recipients has not been assessed. Methods Biopsies obtained at the time of living donor liver transplantation were tested for the presence of M tuberculosis DNA using in situ PCR. The cohort of recipients was longitudinally followed for the development of tuberculosis. Results Living donor liver transplantation was performed for 270 patients. Mean age was 33 years (median: 41 years, range: 1‐80 years). Recipients were followed for a mean of 68 months (median: 72 months, range: 1‐138 months) after transplantation. Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA was detected in 25 of 155 donated livers (16%) with liver biopsies available for testing. None of the recipients of these livers received tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis and only one (4%) developed tuberculosis 15 months after transplantation. Among the entire cohort of 270 patients, post‐transplant tuberculosis was diagnosed in four patients (1.48%) at an incidence rate of 2.61 cases per 1000 transplant‐years. No factors associated with developing tuberculosis were identified, including positive M tuberculosis DNA in transplanted livers. Conclusions Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in living donor transplanted livers did not result in tuberculosis despite post‐transplant immunosuppression.