Nuclear sorting of RNA

The majority of the mammalian genome is transcribed by RNA polymerase II, yielding a vast amount of noncoding RNA (ncRNA) in addition to the standard production of mRNA. The typical nuclear biogenesis of mRNA relies on the tightly controlled coupling of co‐ and post‐transcriptional processing events, which ultimately results in the export of transcripts into the cytoplasm. These processes are subject to surveillance by nuclear RNA decay pathways to prevent the export of aberrant, or otherwise “non‐optimal,” transcripts. However, unlike mRNA, many long ncRNAs are nuclear retained and those that maintain enduring functions must employ precautions to evade decay. Proper sorting and localization of RNA is therefore an essential activity in eukaryotic cells and the formation of ribonucleoprotein complexes during early stages of RNA synthesis is central to deciding such transcript fate. This review details our current understanding of the pathways and factors that direct RNAs towards a particular destiny and how transcripts combat the adverse conditions of the nucleus. This article is categorized under: RNA Export and Localization > Nuclear Export/Import RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications RNA Polymerase II produces a wide range of transcripts destined for multiple fates within the cell. Accurate processing and localization of RNAs are essential processes in maintaining a stable transcriptome. RNAs can be accurately processed and sorted in the nucleus through a number of pathways for either export to the cytoplasm, retention in subnuclear compartments or targeting to decay machineries.