Reliability of a single-region sample to evaluate tumor immune microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma

[Display omitted] •Most HCC tumors displayed similar tumor immune microenvironments among different regions within each tumor.•A single-region sample might be reliable to evaluate the tumor immune microenvironment of the entire HCC tumor.•Most HCC tumors displayed uniform expression of PD-L1 in different regions within each tumor.•Intratumor tertiary lymphoid structures are rare in HCC, and are prone to spatial heterogeneity. Intratumor heterogeneity has frequently been reported in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Thus, the reliability of single-region tumor samples for evaluation of the tumor immune microenvironment is also debatable. We conducted a prospective study to analyze the similarity in tumor immune microenvironments among different regions of a single tumor. Multi-region sampling was performed on newly resected tumors. The tumor immune microenvironment was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining of PD-L1, CD4, CD8, CD20, FoxP3, DC-LAMP (or LAMP3), CD68, MPO, and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). PD-L1 expression was manually quantified according to the percentage of PD-L1-stained tumor or stromal cells. The densities (number/mm2) of immune cells and the number of TLSs per sample were determined by whole-section counting. RNA-sequencing was applied in selected samples. Similarities in tumor immune microenvironments within each tumor were evaluated by multivariate Mahalanobis distance analyses. Thirteen tumors were collected from 12 patients. The median diameter of tumors was 9 cm (range 3–16 cm). A median of 6 samples (range 3–12) were obtained from each tumor. Nine (69.2%) tumors exhibited uniform expression of PD-L1 in all regions of the tumor. Out of 13 tumors analyzed by immunohistochemical staining, 8 (61.5%) tumors displayed a narrow Mahalanobis distance for all regions within the tumor; while 8 (66.7%) of the 12 tumors analyzed by RNA-sequencing displayed a narrow Mahalanobis distance. Immunohistochemistry and RNA-sequencing had a high concordance rate (83.3%; 10 of 12 tumors) for the evaluation of similarities between tumor immune microenvironments within a tumor. A single-region tumor sample might be reliable for the evaluation of tumor immune microenvironments in approximately 60–70% of patients with HCC. Heterogeneity in the regional immune microenvironments of tumors has been reported in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. This heterogeneity could be an obstacle when trying to reliably evaluate the immune microen