A crosstalk between c‐di‐GMP and cAMP in regulating transcription of GcsA, a diguanylate cyclase involved in swimming motility in Pseudomonas putida

Summary The ubiquitous bacterial second messenger c‐di‐GMP is synthesized by diguanylate cyclase (DGC) and degraded by phosphodiesterase (PDE). Pseudomonas putida has dozens of DGC/PDE‐encoding genes in its genome, but the phenotypical–genotypical correlation and transcriptional regulation of these genes are largely unknown. Herein, we characterize function and transcriptional regulation of a P. putida c‐di‐GMP‐metabolizing enzyme, GcsA. GcsA consists of two per‐ARNT‐sim (PAS) domains, followed by a canonical conserved central sequence pattern (GGDEF) domain and a truncated EAL domain. In vitro analysis confirmed the DGC activity of GcsA. The phenotypic observation revealed that GcsA inhibited swimming motility in an FlgZ‐dependent manner. In terms of transcriptional regulation, gcsA was found to be cooperatively regulated by c‐di‐GMP and cAMP via their effectors, FleQ and Crp respectively. The transcription of gcsA was promoted by c‐di‐GMP and inhibited by cAMP. In vitro binding analysis revealed that FleQ indirectly regulated the transcription of gcsA, while Crp directly regulated the transcription of gcsA by binding to its promoter. Besides, an inverse relationship between the cellular c‐di‐GMP and cAMP levels in P. putida was confirmed. These findings provide basic knowledge regarding the function and transcriptional regulation of GcsA and demonstrate a crosstalk between c‐di‐GMP and cAMP in the regulation of the expression of GcsA in P. putida.