Ultrasound Molecular Imaging of Atherosclerosis With Nanobodies: Translatable Microbubble Targeting Murine and Human VCAM (Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule) 1

OBJECTIVE:Contrast-enhanced ultrasound molecular imaging (CEUMI) of endothelial expression of VCAM (vascular cell adhesion molecule)-1 could improve risk stratification for atherosclerosis. The microbubble contrast agents developed for preclinical studies are not suitable for clinical translation. Our aim was to characterize and validate a microbubble contrast agent using a clinically translatable single-variable domain immunoglobulin (nanobody) ligand. APPROACH AND RESULTS:Microbubble with a nanobody targeting VCAM-1 (MBcAbVcam1-5) and microbubble with a control nanobody (MBVHH2E7) were prepared and characterized in vitro. Attachment efficiency to VCAM-1 under continuous and pulsatile flow was investigated using activated murine endothelial cells. In vivo CEUMI of the aorta was performed in atherosclerotic double knockout and wild-type mice after injection of MBcAbVcam1-5 and MBVHH2E7. Ex vivo CEUMI of human endarterectomy specimens was performed in a closed-loop circulation model. The surface density of the nanobody ligand was 3.5×10 per microbubble. Compared with MBVHH2E7, MBcAbVcam1-5 showed increased attachment under continuous flow with increasing shear stress of 1-8 dynes/cm while under pulsatile flow attachment occurred at higher shear stress. CEUMI in double knockout mice showed signal enhancement for MBcAbVcam1-5 in early (P=0.0003 versus MBVHH2E7) and late atherosclerosis (P=0.007 versus MBVHH2E7); in wild-type mice, there were no differences between MBcAbVcam1-5 and MBVHH2E7. CEUMI in human endarterectomy specimens showed a 100% increase in signal for MBcAbVcam1-5versus MBVHH2E7 (20.6±27.7 versus 9.6±14.7, P=0.0156). CONCLUSIONS:CEUMI of the expression of VCAM-1 is feasible in murine models of atherosclerosis and on human tissue using a clinically translatable microbubble bearing a VCAM-1 targeted nanobody.