Association between caffeine intake and cognitive function in adults; effect modification by sex: Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013–2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between caffeine intake and cognitive function. In this cross sectional study, we used data from the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (NHANES). Our research subjects were 1440 adults aged ≥60 years. The individual's cognitive functions were evaluated using the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD) Word List Learning Test, CERAD Word List Recall Test, Animal Fluency test, and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Participants were categorized based on the quartiles of caffeine intake. In each dimension of cognitive, we calculated and used median value as cut-off point and assessed the association between each dimension (binary) and caffeine intake using multiple logistic regression analysis in different models. In all of the dimensions, only the highest quartile of caffeine intakes was positively associated with the cognitive function in the crude model and also trend existed (P trend