Intimate partner violence during pregnancy and risk of fetal and neonatal death: a meta-analysis with socioeconomic context indicators

The objective of the study was to summarize the results from observational studies examining the risk of fetal and neonatal death (perinatal death) as a function of the experience of intimate partner violence during pregnancy and examine the influence of socioeconomic context indicators on this association. Bibliographic searches were conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and LILACS until March 2019. We considered observational studies that provided data on the association between intimate partner violence during pregnancy and perinatal death. Information collected included study characteristics, type, and prevalence of intimate partner violence and the reported association between intimate partner violence and perinatal death. Quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Two reviewers independently conducted all review procedures; disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer. Meta-analyses were conducted based on the specific type of intimate partner violence (physical, psychological, sexual, unspecified) and also based on any type of intimate partner violence, considering 1 effect size per study, regardless of the type of intimate partner violence analyzed. Meta-regression analyses were performed to assess the possible effects of socioeconomic context. The proportion of deaths attributable to the exposure of intimate partner violence based on the crude data from the 3 cohort studies available also was calculated. Seventeen studies were included. The random-effects model showed a statistically significant increase in the odds of perinatal death among women exposed to unspecified intimate partner violence (odds ratio, 3.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.88–5.38), physical intimate partner violence (odds ratio, 2.46; 95% confidence interval, 1.76–3.44), and any type of intimate partner violence during pregnancy (odds ratio, 2.89; 95% confidence interval, 2.03–4.10). Meta-regression analysis showed stronger associations in countries with higher gross domestic product (odds ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.04) and a higher percentage of health expenditure (odds ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.09–1.46). The proportion of deaths attributable to exposure to intimate partner violence in cohort studies was attributable proportion, 60%; 95% confidence interval, 15–81%. Pregnant women who experience intimate partner violence during pregnancy may be about 3 times more likely to suffer perinatal death compared with