Bioinspired Liposomes for Oral Delivery of Colistin to Combat Intracellular Infections by Salmonella enterica

Bacterial invasion into eukaryotic cells and the establishment of intracellular infection has proven to be an effective means of resisting antibiotic action, as anti‐infective agents commonly exhibit a poor permeability across the host cell membrane. Encapsulation of anti‐infectives into nanoscaled delivery systems, such as liposomes, is shown to result in an enhancement of intracellular delivery. The aim of the current work is, therefore, to formulate colistin, a poorly permeable anti‐infective, into liposomes suitable for oral delivery, and to functionalize these carriers with a bacteria‐derived invasive moiety to enhance their intracellular delivery. Different combinations of phospholipids and cholesterol are explored to optimize liposomal drug encapsulation and stability in biorelevant media. These liposomes are then surface‐functionalized with extracellular adherence protein (Eap), derived from Staphylococcus aureus. Treatment of HEp‐2 and Caco‐2 cells infected with Salmonella enterica using colistin‐containing, Eap‐functionalized liposomes resulted in a significant reduction of intracellular bacteria, in comparison to treatment with nonfunctionalized liposomes as well as colistin alone. This indicates that such bio‐invasive carriers are able to facilitate intracellular delivery of colistin, as necessary for intracellular anti‐infective activity. The developed Eap‐functionalized liposomes, therefore, present a promising strategy for improving the therapy of intracellular infections. A bioinvasive delivery system consisting of colistin‐loaded liposomes surface functionalized with the bacterial invasion protein Eap is developed and characterized, for the purposes of facilitating intracellular delivery of anti‐infectives via the oral route. Cell invasion studies show the considerable promise of Eap‐functionalized nanocarriers as a strategy to facilitate the intracellular delivery of anti‐infective therapies.