Cost–effectiveness of nanomedicine: estimating the real size of nano-costs

According to the Grand View Research Report, the USA remains the leader in the nanomedicine industry, owning 46% of the total international nanomedicine revenue in 2016 (9), followed by Europe (10). [...]most developed countries are facing skyrocketing healthcare costs. Prompt action is urgently needed in the nanomedicine market to demonstrate ‘expensive’ nanodrugs of newer generations are also costeffective or even cost saving for society using a comprehensive cost taxonomy. [...]the hospital perspective continues to frame the assessment of costs in the field of nanomedicine. More effective nanomedicines can also result in significantly lower forgone interests due to a premature death, since survival can be improved. [...]the indirect patient visiting costs for family and friends can drastically decrease, since patients could spend significantly fewer days in the hospital, lowering hospital administration costs.