Residual force enhancement and force depression in human single muscle fibres

Residual force depression (rFD) and residual force enhancement (rFE) are intrinsic contractile properties of muscle. rFD is characterized as a decrease in steady-state isometric force following active shortening compared with a purely isometric contraction at the same muscle length and level of activation. By contrast, isometric force is increased following active lengthening compared to a reference isometric contraction at the same muscle length and level of activation; this is termed rFE. To date, there have been no investigations of rFD and rFE in human muscle fibres, therefore the purpose of this study was to determine whether rFD and rFE occur at the single muscle fibre level in humans. rFD and rFE were investigated in maximally activated single muscle fibres biopsied from the vastus lateralis of healthy adults. To induce rFD, fibres were activated and shortened from an average sarcomere length (SL) of 3.2–2.6 μm. Reference isometric contractions were performed at an average SL of 2.6 μm. To induce rFE, fibres were actively lengthened from an average SL of 2.6–3.2 μm and a reference isometric contraction was performed at an average SL of 3.2 μm. Isometric steady-state force was lower following active shortening (p