Visceral leishmaniasis: An overview of vaccine adjuvants and their applications

Highlights•No vaccine against human VL, though few vaccines licensed for canine VL. •Vaccine alongwith an efficient adjuvant required for long-term protection against VL. •This article is an overview of adjuvants tried with candidate vaccines against VL. •BCG, MPL-SE, GLA-SE and saponin have been extensively assessed against human VL. •Emphasis has been made to explore adjuvants successful in other human diseases.