Disparities in Cardiovascular Mortality Related to Heart Failure in the United States

HF-related CVD mortality rates were ascertained using the multiple cause of death files from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research, which includes the underlying and contributing cause of death from all death certificates in the United States (2). Prior reports from the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study identified a 20-times higher incidence of HF among black men and women compared with whites before the age of 50 years with HF diagnosis associated with higher rates of antecedent risk factors (4). [...]racial differences in competing risk for non-CVD deaths (e.g., homicide, opioid overdose, and HIV) may also contribute to the observed trends in HF-related CVD death.