Phase separation drives X-chromosome inactivation: a hypothesis

The long non-coding RNA Xist induces heterochromatinization of the X chromosome by recruiting repressive protein complexes to chromatin. Here we gather evidence, from the literature and from computational analyses, showing that Xist assemblies are similar in size, shape and composition to phase-separated condensates, such as paraspeckles and stress granules. Given the progressive sequestration of Xist ’s binding partners during X-chromosome inactivation, we formulate the hypothesis that Xist uses phase separation to perform its function.