Thioredoxin‐interacting protein deficiency alleviates phenotypic alterations of podocytes via inhibition of mTOR activation in diabetic nephropathy

Thioredoxin‐interacting protein (TXNIP) is induced by high glucose (HG), whereupon it acts to inhibit thioredoxin, thereby promoting oxidative stress. We have found that TXNIP knockdown in human renal tubular cells helped prevent the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here, we studied the potential effect of TXNIP on podocyte phenotypic alterations in diabetic nephropathy (DN) in vivo and in vitro. In conditionally immortalized mouse podocytes under HG conditions, knocking down TXNIP disrupted EMT, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway activation. Further, Raptor short hairpin RNA (shRNA), Rictor shRNA, and mTOR specific inhibitor KU‐0063794 were used to assess if the mTOR signal pathway is involved in HG‐induced EMT in podocytes. We found that Raptor shRNA, Rictor shRNA, and KU‐0063794 could all restrain HG‐induced EMT and ROS production in podocytes. In addition, antioxidant Tempol or N‐acetylcysteine presented a prohibitive effect on HG‐induced EMT in podocytes. Streptozotocin was utilized to render equally diabetic in wild‐type (WT) control and TXNIP −/− (TKO) mice. Diabetes did not increase levels of 24‐hr urinary protein, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and triglyceride in TXNIP −/− mice. Podocyte phenotypic alterations and podocyte loss were detected in WT but not in TKO diabetic mice. Oxidative stress was also suppressed in diabetic TKO mice relative to WT controls. Also, TXNIP deficiency suppresses the activation of mTOR in glomeruli of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic mice. Moreover, TXNIP expression, mTOR activation, Nox1, and Nox4 could be detected in renal biopsy tissues of patients with DN. This suggests that decreased TXNIP could ameliorate phenotypic alterations of podocytes via inhibition of mTOR in DN, highlighting TXNIP as a promising therapeutic target. In vivo data verify that TXNIP knockout (TKO) mice were protected from renal impairment, podocyte loss, podocyte phenotypic alterations, oxidative stress, and mTOR activation in glomeruli in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetes. Besides, in vitro data indicate that thioredoxin‐interacting protein (TXNIP) interference could inhibit high glucose (HG)‐induced epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), oxidative stress, and the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Meanwhile, mTOR inhibition may suppress HG‐induced EMT and oxidative stress, and Tempol and N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) could inhibit HG‐induced EMT as