Mimicking Molecular Chaperones to Regulate Protein Folding

Folding and unfolding are essential ways for a protein to regulate its biological activity. The misfolding of proteins usually reduces or completely compromises their biological functions, which eventually causes a wide range of diseases including neurodegeneration diseases, type II diabetes, and cancers. Therefore, materials that can regulate protein folding and maintain proteostasis are of significant biological and medical importance. In living organisms, molecular chaperones are a family of proteins that maintain proteostasis by interacting with, stabilizing, and repairing various non‐native proteins. In the past few decades, efforts have been made to create artificial systems to mimic the structure and biological functions of nature chaperonins. Herein, recent progress in the design and construction of materials that mimic different kinds of natural molecular chaperones is summarized. The fabrication methods, construction rules, and working mechanisms of these artificial chaperone systems are described. The application of these materials in enhancing the thermal stability of proteins, assisting de novo folding of proteins, and preventing formation of toxic protein aggregates is also highlighted and explored. Finally, the challenges and potential in the field of chaperone‐mimetic materials are discussed. Artificial systems that mimic the functions of molecular chaperones are promising for biomedical applications. The recent state‐of‐the‐art progress in artificial chaperone systems and their applications are systematically summarized, giving deep insight into the principles and trends for the development of novel artificial chaperone systems to solve essential problems in biomedicine.