Pathfinders in oncology from the end of the 19th century to the first description of Ewing sarcoma

During the period 1884 to 1922, the only option in cases of operable cancers was radical surgery, and only a minority of patients were cured. Sporadic attempts were made to treat inoperable cancer patients with bacterial toxins; however, with the discovery of x‐ray and radium, the era of radiation treatment as an alternative to surgery began. The discovery of transmissible cancers and experimental growth of cancer cells offered new information and not only led to a better understanding of the cellular composition of cancers but also yielded important information that ultimately paved the way to chemotherapy. These efforts also advanced the understanding of the pathogenesis of tumors and induced new clinical and pathologic classifications and subspecializations. It is important to emphasize that many of the initiatives and discoveries made in Europe in the second half of the 19th century were first put into clinical practice in the United States during the first 2 decades of the 20th century, including the use of x‐ray and radium for irradiation and as diagnostic tools. All things considered, the progress made between 1884 and 1922 came about through the hard work of many eminent individuals; however, there were 7 foresighted pathfinders (3 surgeons, 2 pathologists, 1 internist, and 1 physicist) who—despite their widely diverse backgrounds, personalities, and expertise—made remarkable contributions to oncology to an extent that is still felt today. During the 4 decades reviewed herein, advancements in surgical techniques and tumor pathology dominated the field of oncology; however, with the discoveries of x‐ray and radium, the era of diagnostic radiology and radiation therapy commenced. The biographies and historical background of 7 individuals who contributed the most to the progression of oncology from 1884 to 1922 are presented.