Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase attenuates endotoxin‐mediated tolerance in granulosa cells through kynurenine pathway

Ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) have been shown to have innate immune capabilities, which modulate their native endocrine functions through toll‐like receptors (TLRs). We have recently shown that GCs exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1.0 µg/mL) transiently regulate proinflammatory cytokine expression (interleukin 1β [IL‐1β], IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor α) through chromatin remodeling. In the present study, we have demonstrated that GCs become tolerant to LPS on repeated exposure of LPS. To understand the mechanism of this endotoxin tolerance (ET) phenomenon in buffalo GCs, we have further studied the genome‐wide transcriptomic analyses in buffalo GCs (unpublished data) and identified indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) gene, known to be involved in tryptophan catabolism, was found to be highly upregulated in endotoxin‐tolerant GCs. Real‐time gene expression analyses also showed similar results. Further analyses of tryptophan and tryptophan metabolite, kynurenine, showed that tryptophan was found to be depleted with the accumulation of kynurenine in the endotoxin‐tolerant GCs. The effect of IDO1 induced ET was reversed when cells were pretreated with IDO1 inhibitor (1‐methyl tryptophan, 1 mM). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the role of IDO1 gene in ET in GCs mimicked by repeated endotoxin exposure in vitro. In summary, the present study convincingly demonstrated that the tryptophan catabolism, through the kynurenine pathway, plays a crucial role as an immunomodulatory mechanism of ET in GCs. The finding could be exploited in developing potential therapeutics to treat impaired GCs function due to the ET underlying prolonged uterine or systemic infection leads to accumulation of endotoxin in follicular fluid. Granulosa cells (GCs) become tolerant to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on repeated exposure of LPS. Identified indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) gene, known to involved in tryptophan catabolism and further analyses showed that tryptophan was found to be depleted with accumulation of kynurenine in the endotoxin‐tolerant GCs. The effect of IDO1 induced endotoxin tolerance (ET) was reversed when cells were pretreated with IDO1 inhibitor (1‐methyl tryptophan, 1 mM).