Association Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Risk of Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis

Evidence emerges that cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) might be implicated in the development of heart failure (HF). This meta-analysis aimed to quantify the association between CRF exposed at baseline and HF risk with dose–response analysis and to assess whether CRF changes over time are correlated with alterations in HF risk. Cohort studies that assessed the association between CRF and risk of HF in subjects without baseline HF were included. Study-specific multivariate-adjusted relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using a random-effects model. Ten studies from 8 articles were included, enrolling 8987 incident HF cases from 154,598 participants. The RR of HF per 1-metabolic equivalent (MET) higher CRF at baseline was 0.82 (95% CI 0.80–0.84) in the overall population. The RRs were similar in men (0.82, 95% CI 0.80–0.85) and women (0.81, 95% CI 0.78–0.84), and remained minorly changed in patients with existing diabetes, hypertension, or cardiovascular disease at entry. No evidence of a nonlinear relationship between CRF at baseline and risk of HF was observed (Pnonlinearity = .18). The RR of HF per 1-MET increase in CRF over time was 0.79 (95% CI 0.67–0.93), and the measurement of CRF provided incremental value to the prediction of HF beyond conventional models. High or increased CRF resulted in reduced risk of HF in a dose-dependent manner, supporting the necessity to increase CRF to prevent HF in clinical practice.