Neuroradiological and clinical features in ophthalmoplegia

Purpose Especially in acute onset of ophthalmoplegia, efficient neuroradiological evaluation is necessary to assist differential diagnosis, clinical course, and treatment options. Methods Different manifestations of ophthalmoplegia are explained and illustrated by characteristic neuroradiological and clinical findings. Results To present those ophthalmoplegic disorders in a clear manner, this review refers to different neuroanatomical structures and compartments. From neuroophthalmological point of view, diseases going ahead with ophthalmoplegia can be divided into (1) efferent infranuclear/peripheral disturbances involving oculomotor cranial nerves, (2) conjugate gaze abnormalities due to internuclear or supranuclear lesions, and (3) diseases of the extraocular eye muscles or their impairment due to intraorbital pathologies. Conclusion The knowledge of the relationship between neurological findings in ophthalmoplegia and involved neuroanatomical structures is crucial, and neuroradiology can be focused on circumscribed anatomical regions, using optimized investigation protocols.