Hippocampal atrophy disrupts the language network but not hemispheric language lateralization

Summary Objective It is still unclear how temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with and without hippocampal atrophy (HA) affects cortical language distribution. We aimed to investigate the role of the hippocampus on language lateralization, activation pattern, and functional connectivity (FC) in patients with TLE. Methods We investigated 93 patients with TLE—divided into right HA (RHA), left HA (LHA), and negative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (non‐HA)—and 101 controls using a semantic‐language functional MRI (fMRI) task and the Boston Naming Test (BNT). Results Groups did not differ in the frequency of atypical language lateralization (LL), which correlated differently with handedness in each brain region and group. Blood‐oxygen‐level dependend (BOLD) activation patterns and region of interest (ROI)‐to‐ROI FC differed between LHA and controls, as well as between LHA and non‐HA patients. In the task activation pattern analysis, there was a decrease in the activation of patients with LHA relative to controls, exactly in the left hippocampus. However, non‐HA patients had increased FC relative to controls in the left superior temporal gyrus region. Seed‐to‐voxel FC demonstrated greater differences between patients and controls and smaller differences among patient groups. The non‐HA group was similar to controls, except for increased BOLD activation and increase FC in the superior temporal gyri. RHA and LHA differed from controls in BNT. BNT correlated with fMRI activation in RHA and non‐HA groups. Significance LHA affected naming performance, fMRI semantic task activation pattern, and FC more than RHA and non‐HA. Contrary to our expectations, LHA did not increase the frequency of atypical LL. Regardless of the side, HA impacts negatively on the language network but not on hemispheric language lateralization.