Celiac Disease and Bone Health in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Context: Celiac disease is characterized by deficits in bone mineral accrual and longitudinal growth. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in bone health and stature among children and adolescents with celiac disease versus healthy controls. Data Sources: Articles published before February 27, 2018 were located using searches of the Physical Education Index (n = 186), PubMed (n = 180), Scopus (n = 3), SPORTDiscus (n = 3), and Web of Science (n = 4). Study Selection: Bone mineral content (BMC) and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) were assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and height was measured using a stadiometer. Data Extraction: Effect sizes (ES) were calculated as follows: the mean difference of the celiac disease group and healthy control group, divided by the pooled standard deviation. The inverse variance weight was used to calculate the overall mean ES. Random-effects models were used to aggregate a mean ES, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and to identify potential moderators. Results: The results of 30 effects gathered from 12 studies published between 1996 and 2017 indicated BMC (ES = −0.54, 95% CI: −0.69 to −0.40; p < 0.0001) and aBMD (ES = 0.72, 95% CI: −0.96 to −0.47; p < 0.0001) were lower in youth with celiac disease. Limitations: These results were limited to only cross-sectional and baseline data from longitudinal studies reporting BMC and BMD, however did not assess changes in bone health over time. Conclusion: Children and adolescents with celiac disease have suboptimal bone health and shorter stature.