Pain Neuroscience Education for Adults With Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

•Pain neuroscience education can facilitate patients’ ability to cope with their condition.•Pain neuroscience education does not produce clinically significant decreases in pain.•Pain neuroscience education does not produce clinically significant decreases in disability.•Pain neuroscience education does produce clinically significant decreases in kinesiophobia.•Pain neuroscience education does produce clinically significant decreases in catastrophizing. Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) is an urgent global public health concern. Pain neuroscience education (PNE) is an intervention used in the management of CMP aiming to reconceptualize an individual's understanding of their pain as less threatening. This mixed-methods review undertook a segregated synthesis of quantitative and qualitative studies to investigate the clinical effectiveness, and patients’ experience of, PNE for people with CMP. Electronic databases were searched for studies published between January 1, 2002, and June 14, 2018. Twelve randomized, controlled trials (n = 755 participants) that reported pain, disability, and psychosocial outcomes and 4 qualitative studies (n = 50 participants) that explored patients experience of PNE were included. The meta-analyzed pooled treatment effects for PNE versus control had low clinical relevance in the short term for pain (−5.91/100; 95% confidence interval [CI], −13.75 to 1.93) and disability (−4.09/100; 95% CI, −7.72 to −.45) and in the medium term for pain (−6.27/100; 95% CI, −18.97 to 6.44) and disability (−8.14/100; 95% CI, −15.60 to −.68). The treatment effect of PNE for kinesiophobia was clinically relevant in the short term (–13.55/100; 95% CI, –25.89 to –1.21) and for pain catastrophizing in the medium term (–5.26/52; 95% CI, –10.59 to .08). A metasynthesis of 23 qualitative findings resulted in the identification of 2 synthesized findings that identified several key components important for enhancing the patient experience of PNE, such as allowing the patient to tell their own story. These components can enhance pain reconceptualization, which seems to be an important process to facilitate patients’ ability to cope with their condition. The protocol was published on PROSPERO (CRD42017068436). Perspective: We outline the effectiveness of PNE for the management of pain, disability, and psychosocial outcomes in adults with CMP. Key components that can enhance the patient experience of PNE, such as allowing the patient to tell their own story, a