Response to dietary carbohydrates in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) muscle tissue as revealed by NMR-based metabolomics

Introduction Feed optimization is a key step to the environmental and economic sustainability of aquaculture, especially for carnivorous species. Plant-derived ingredients can contribute to reduce costs and nitrogenous effluents while sparing wild fish stocks. However, the metabolic use of carbohydrates from vegetable sources by carnivorous fish is still not completely understood. Objectives We aimed to study the effects of diets with carbohydrates of different digestibilities, gelatinized starch (DS) and raw starch (RS), in the muscle metabolome of European seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ). Methods We followed an NMR-metabolomics approach, using two sample preparation procedures, the intact muscle (HRMAS) and the aqueous muscle extracts ( 1 H NMR), to compare the variations in muscle metabolome between the two diets. Results In muscle, multivariate analysis revealed similar metabolome shifts for DS and RS diets, when compared with the control diet. HRMAS of intact muscle, which included both hydrophobic and hydrophilic metabolites, showed increased lipid in DS-fed fish by univariate analysis. Regardless of the nature of the starch, increased glycine and phenylalanine, and decreased proline were observed when compared to the Ctr diet. Combined univariate analysis of intact muscle and aqueous extracts indicated specific diet related changes in lipid and amino acid metabolism, consistent with increased dietary carbohydrate supplementation. Conclusions Due to differential sample processing, outputs differ in detail but provide complementary information. After tracing nutritional alterations by profiling fillet components, DS seems to be the most promising alternative to fishmeal-based diets in aquaculture. This approach should be reproducible for other farmed fish species and provide valuable information on nutritional and organoleptic properties of the final product.